CONTENT

• COMPOUND
• FORMULAE OF COMPOUNDS
• MIXTURES
• DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

COMPOUND

A Compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined together. A compound is formed as a result of chemical change.

Examples of compounds are

Compound                            Constituent Elements

Water                                       Hydrogen, oxygen

Sand                                        Silicon, oxygen

Limestone                                calcium, carbon, oxygen

Common salt                            Sodium, chlorine

Ethanol                                     Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

PROPERTIES OF A COMPOUND

1. It has properties different from those of its component elements.
2. Its formation often requires large amount of heat.
3. It cannot be separated by physical means.
4. The components of a compound have a fixed ratio by mass.
5. Compounds are homogeneous.

EVALUATION 

1. Define a compound.
2. Give three examples of a compound.

FORMULAE OF COMPOUNDS

When an element exists as a molecule, a number is written as a subscript after the symbol of that element. For example, hydrogen is written as H2 and oxygen as 02.  A compound contains whole numbers of atoms of the component elements. Its molecular formula is written as follows.

1. The symbols of all the component elements are written close together as a group.
2. The number of atoms of each component element is written as a subscript after the symbol of that element.

Examples

Compound                        Formula

Hydrochloric acid                  HCl

Water                                    H20

Ammonia                              NH3

Carbon(IV)oxide                    C02

Lead II chloride                     PbCl2

Calcium trioxonitrate(V)        Ca(NO3)2

WRITING FORMULA FROM VALENCIES

Formulae of compounds can be deduced from the valencies of the component elements or radicals, following the rules below.

1. Write the symbols of the element or radicals in a compound
2. Write their valencies below the symbols of elements/radicals
3. Exchange their valencies.
4. Now write the formula of the compound bringing the symbols of the element or radicals together

Examples

1. Write the formula of sodium tetraoxosulphate(VI)

Rule 1 Na S04

Rule 2 & 3 1 2

Rule 4 Na2S04

1. Write the formula of calcium chloride

Rule 1 Ca Cl

Rule 2 & 3 2 1

Rule 4             CaCl2

EVALUATION

1. Write the formulae of; (i) tetraoxosulphate(vi) acid (ii) Magnesium Chloride
2. State three properties of a compound

MIXTURES

A mixture contains two or more constituents that can easily be separated by physical methods. Examples of mixtures with their constituents are outlined below:

Mixture                                  Constituents

Air                        Oxygen, Carbon (iv)oxide, nitrogen, rare gases, dust, moisture

Soil                           Sand, clay, humus, water, air, mineral salts

Urine                         Urea, water, mineral salt

Palm wine             Water, sugar, alkanol, mineral salts, vitamins, yeast, protein, fat

Coca-cola                 Water, sugar, cola, CO2 

Milk                          Water, sugar, fat, protein, mineral salts, vitamin

Sea water               Water, mineral salts, bacteria, remains of organic matter

Brass                     Copper and zinc

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS

      Mixture                        Compound

1. It may be homogenous      It is always homogenous.or heterogeneous.
2. It can be separated into It cannot be separated into its its constituents by physical components by physical means. means 
3. The constituents can be The components are present in a added in any ratio by mass fixed ratio by mass. Hence a 

Hence, a mixture cannot be compound can always be repre-

represented by a chemical represented by a chemical formula.

Formula.

4. The properties of a mixture The properties of a compound

are the sum of those of its are entirely different from those

individual constituents. of its components.

EVALUATION

1. List five (5) compounds and their formulae
2. What is a mixture?
3. State four differences between compound and mixture

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION

1. State the valency of the following elements and radicals: Na, K, S, O, SO42-, NO3–, CO32- 
2. Write the formula of: a) Lead (ii) tetraoxosulphate (vi) b) Hydrochloric acid c) Sodium trioxocarbonate (iv) d) Calcium hydroxide

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Which of the following is a mixture? (a) water(b) sugar(c) milk (d) starch
2. Which of the following is a compound?  (a) water (b) soil (c) diamond (d) graphite
3. Which of these formulae represents ammonia? (a) NH3 (b) NH4+ (c) NH2 (d) CH4
4. The formula for sand is (a) C02 (b) SO2 (c) NO2 (d) SiO2
5. Compounds are always (a) heterogeneous (b) homogeneous (c) homogeneous or heterogeneous (d) chemogeneous

THEORY

1. a. Define (i) Compound (ii) Mixture
2. Give two examples each of compounds and Mixtures
3. a. State four differences between a compound and a mixture
4. What is the formula of
5. i) tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid
6. ii) Ammonium sulphide iii) Sodium tetraoxophosphate