CONTENTS:

1. State of matter, 
2. Kinetic theory of gases,
3. Applications of the kinetic theory of gases
4. Phenomena to illustrate kinetic theory of matter

 STATE OF MATTER

Matter is made up of very tiny particles such as atoms, molecules and ions. Matter exists in three physical states namely; solid, liquid and gas. Matter has mass and occupies space.

(i) Solid: The tiny particles in solid are packed very closely together hence they cannot move about. The presence of forces of attraction among the tiny particles of solid made them to be very closely packed together and allowing only vibration among them instead of moving about. This is what makes the solid to have a fixed shape and volume with high density. However, at high temperature, the molecules gain more energy and break the forces of attraction among the particles thereby causing the particles to move faster. As the temperature increases more and more, the solid melts and turns to liquid. Therefore, solid have fixed shape and volume, incompressible and very dense with the least kinetic energy when compared with those of liquid and gasses.

(ii) Liquid: The particles in the liquid are slightly further a [art than those in a solid and there exist among them weaker forces of attraction (weaker force of cohesion); thus allowing them to vibrate rotate and move about. Liquid have fixed volume and a fixed shape but takes the shape of its container. When the liquid is heated, its temperature increases, the forces of cohesion / attraction becomes progressively weaker. Eventually, a stage is reached when the molecules acquire enough energy to escape as a gas. The temperature at which this occurs is called the boiling point of the liquid. Therefore, the liquid have fixed volume, no fixed shape, less dense and incompressible with kinetic energy relatively higher than those of solid state.

(iii) Gas: The particles in the gaseous state are very freely with large distances between them. The particles of gases have no fixed volume and shape, compressible and least dense with the highest kinetic energy when compared with particles of other states of matter.

EVLUATION

1. Define the term matter.
2. Enumerate the three main state of matter.
3. Explain each of the states.

 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

EXPLANATION OF KINETIC THEORY

The kinetic theory of matter postulates that the tiny Particles of matter are continually moving and so possess kinetic energy. An increase in temperature causes an increase in the average kinetic energy of the particle.

Dalton’s experimental evidence shows that chemical compounds consists of molecules, which are groups of atoms of various elements. The gas laws which explained the physical behaviour of gases can be explained by kinetic theory of gases. This theory describes the behaviour of an ideal or perfect gas. This is to say that the kinetic theory of gases explains quantitatively the properties of gas molecules and in so doing put up the following assumptions.

1. A gas consists of very tiny particles (usually molecules and atoms).
2. The cohesive forces of the gas molecules are negligible.
3. These particles are in constant random and rapid motion in straight lines.
4. As a result of these movements, collisions occur between the molecules and also with the walls of the container, hence the molecules exert pressure. No energy is lost when collision occupy. This means that the collisions are perfectly elastic.
5. The space between the molecules is very large compared to the size of the molecules. The molecules therefore, have negligible (almost zero) volume compared to the volume of the container.
6. The average kinetic energy per molecule is the same for all gas samples at any given temperature. The absolute temperature of the gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the gas particles.

EVALUATION

The kinetic theory of matter postulates   ……………………..

When the temperature of the particles of the molecules increases, what happens to kinetic energy? Enumerate the six assumptions if the kinetic theory of matter.

3: THE APPLICATION OF KINETIC THEORY

The kinetic theory is useful in several respects and such aspects includes;

1. It provides reasonable explanations for the behaviour of gas.
2. It accounts for the gas laws
3. It explains important phenomenon such as diffusion
4. It provides a fundamental equation for gases.

PV =13 NMC2

EVALUATION

Mention four applications of kinetic theory of matter.

4: PHENOMENA TO ILLUSTRATE THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

The following phenomena illustrate the kinetic theory of matter

1. Dispersion 
2. Evaporation
3. Diffusion:
4. Brownian motion
5. Osmosis
6. Tyndall effect
7. Effusion

GENERAL EVALUATION

OBJECTIVE TEST:

1. The kinetic theory of matter states ____________
2. Water (H2O) exists as a solid, liquid and gas respectively because: (a) water is colorless. (b) water is electrovalent (c)  Water in any state possesses a certain degree of motion in the molecules (d) water is molecular
3. Which of the three states of matter has no fixed volume and least dense? (a) Gas (b) Solid (c) Liquid
4. The presence of sodium chloride in ice will.  (a) Decrease or lower the boiling point of sodium chloride (b) Increase the melting point of sodium chloride (c) Make sodium chloride impure (d) Lower the freezing point of sodium chloride.
5. The escape of molecules with more than average kinetic energy of the molecules is called _____________ (A) Melting (b) Freezing (C) Evaporation (d) Efflorescence

ESSAY QUESTION:

1. Define the term matter.
2. State the three state of matter.
3. Explain two out of the three main sate of matter.
4. List four importance of kinetic theory.
5. Give assumptions of kinetic theory of matter.

WEEKEND ACTIVITY

Explain with at least three points what you understand by chemical industry and also mention specifically five types of chemical industry.